Gene Therapy: Beyond 2000

Signaling—2000 and Beyond

Beyond retrovirus infection: HIV meets gene therapy

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is classified as a retrovirus because of its RNA genome and the fact that it requires reverse transcriptase to convert it into DNA. This virus belongs to the lentivirinae subfamily and is able to infect quiescent cells but is better known for its association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and can be described as one of the most effective ve...

Surgical Treatment of Movement Disorders: DBS, Gene Therapy, and Beyond

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Medical Concept Representation: The Years Beyond 2000

This work aims at understanding the state of the art in the broad contextual research area of "medical concept representation". Our data support the general understanding that the focus of research has moved toward medical ontologies, which we interpret as a paradigm shift. Both the opinion of socially active groups of researchers and changes in bibliometric data since 1988 support this opinion...

Superspeculative Microarchitecture for Beyond AD 2000

I n its brief lifetime of 26 years, the microprocessor has achieved a total performance growth of 10,000 times thanks to technology improvements and microarchitecture innovations. Transistor count and clock frequency have increased by an order of magnitude in each of the first two decades of microprocessors; transistor count increased from 10,000 to 100,000 in the 1970s and up to 1 million in t...